Your process didnt burn through the paint. A PC, 105 and whatever pad you fancy WILL not burn through paint. Push hard enough and the pad stops rotating and just jiggles around. At that point you are not getting any cutting action.
I think the paint was already starting to thin out in the pic and your process of washing claying and getting it ready for the machine removed the dirt that was hiding the spot and when you tried to buff it out thats when you noticed the discoloration in the paint.
Now if you were on a rotory, 105, and the 7207 pad with a good bit of speed then I can see you burning through the paint.
In your case with the PC im highly skeptical your method burned through.