What are your thoughts on the following:
Adjusting the brightness
Adding a border
When someone is still learning to use a DSLR in manual mode exposure and white balance may often be off. How does one 'honestly' compensate for their shortcomings in the photography department to better reflect what what they saw, not what the camera saw (based on erroneous user settings)?
Does the aforementioned 'dragging' of the histogram fix this?
A bordered photo IMO just looks more visually pleasing.
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If you alter the histogram, you are changing the image. In Lightroom, you can compress the spectrum by reducing contrast and saturation of decrease highlights and shadows. (LR 4 controls). This is changing the image.
Any jpg generated by a camera is by definition is a processed image where the what was captured by the sensor was adjusted to create a jpg.
The camera decides the processing and one goal is to create nice looking images. Cameras have options like Vivid, etc. that alter this more.
Some cameras have built in shadow recovery where darker areas are lightened and some do the same to preserve losing highlights in bright scenes. This may compress the actual range.
RAW files are least processed but then you can adjust in a RAW editor.
Is using a polarizing filter cheating?
If the camera mis-exposures (meter adjusts light due to a black surface leading to over exposure), is correcting this wrong?
To that effect...
IMHO, adjusting the histogram is just a glorified way of adjusting the brightness and contrast. Notice I didn't say anything about adjusting the mid-point.
You can take two photos of the exact same subject, 10 minutes apart, from a tripod mounted camera, and you'll have two vastly different histograms. (Much more so if it's early or late in the day.) Bottom line is there is information both above and below 'true white and black' that'll show up (was captured by the camera) that just doesn't need to be there.
Is it compressing the original data? Or, is it clipping off the unused space, then stretching what is there into the available range? (Really doesn't matter, po'-tate-toe, po'-tat-toe.)
Just as hardly ANYONE knows to use a flash during the day (especially without direct light on the subject) for fill is something that you normally don't see people doing.
A few months back my son was going to prom (he actually graduated last year, but his girl at the time is still in school) and we went to the park to take photos. Of course there were a bazillion kids and parents there.

Yet (other than the ONLY professional photographer that was there) I was the only one with not just interchangeable lenses, but with a huge honking flash. Working in the shadows without one is imho, just wasting your time. And of course of all the photos her dad took, the ones that got printed....
well those were the ones that I took!
As raw files was mentioned earlier, YES that is by and large the only way to go. Having a file format that saves without compression, is at 300dpi versus 72dpi will make or break a shot. Not to mention never losing your original file data, no matter how many changes are made.
