The New Word of the Day: 07/12/12
Helmholtz Resonance
From Wikipedia...
Helmholtz resonance is the phenomenon of air resonance in a cavity, such as when one blows across the top of an empty bottle. The name comes from a device created in the 1850s by Hermann von Helmholtz, the "Helmholtz resonator", which he, the author of the classic study of acoustic science, used to identify the various frequencies or musical pitches present in music and other complex sounds.
When air is forced into a cavity, the pressure inside increases. When the external force pushing the air into the cavity is removed, the higher-pressure air inside will flow out. The cavity will be left at a pressure slightly lower than the outside, causing air to be drawn back in. This process repeats with the magnitude of the pressure changes decreasing each time.
The air in the port (the neck of the chamber) has mass. Since it is in motion, it possesses some momentum. A longer port would make for a larger mass, and vice-versa. The diameter of the port is related to the mass of air and the volume of the chamber. A port that is too small in area for the chamber volume will "choke" the flow while one that is too large in area for the chamber volume tends to reduce the momentum of the air in the port.
Applications
Helmholtz resonance finds application in internal combustion engines (see airbox), subwoofers and acoustics. In stringed instruments, such as the guitar and violin, the resonance curve of the instrument has the Helmholtz resonance as one of its peaks, along with other peaks coming from resonances of the vibration of the wood. An ocarina is essentially a Helmholtz resonator where the area of the neck can be easily varied to produce different tones. The West African djembe has a relatively small neck area, giving it a deep bass tone. The djembe has been used to accompany West African drumming for centuries, making it much older than our knowledge of the physics involved.
The theory of Helmholtz resonators are used in motorcycle and car exhausts to alter the sound of the exhaust note and for differences in power delivery by adding chambers to the exhaust. Exhaust resonators also used to reduce potentially loud and obnoxious engine noise where the dimensions are calculated so that the waves reflected by the resonator help cancel out certain frequencies of sound in the exhaust.
In some twostroke engines, a Helmholtz resonator is used to remove the need for a reed valve, which is a consumable component and therefore undesirable in engines with long running time. A similar effect is also used in the exhaust system of most twostroke engines, using a reflected pressure pulse to supercharge the cylinder (see Kadenacy effect.)
Helmholtz resonators are used in architectural acoustics to reduce undesirable low frequency sounds (standing waves, etc.) by building a resonator tuned to the problem frequency, thereby eliminating it.
Helmholtz resonators are also used to build acoustic liners for reducing the noise of aircraft engines, for example. These acoustic liners are made of two components:
a simple sheet of metal (or other material) perforated with little holes spaced out in a regular or irregular pattern; this is called a resistive sheet;
a series of so-called honeycomb cavities (holes with a honeycomb shape, but in fact only their volume matters).
Such acoustic liners are used in most of today's aircraft engines. The perforated sheet is usually visible from inside or outside the airplane; the honeycomb is just under it. The thickness of the perforated sheet is of importance, as shown above. Sometimes there are two layers of liners; they are then called "2-DOF liners" (DOF meaning Degrees Of Freedom), as opposed to "single DOF liners".
This effect might also be used to reduce skin friction drag on aircraft wings by 40%.
My application of a helmholtz resonator...
The exhaust on the left is an aftermarket/custom exhaust I just bought for my truck. Notice the extra piping along the muffler. This absorbs any sort of drone I would otherwise hear from the very unrestrictive muffler. No drone on highway, in fact its very quiet unless you are stepping on the pedal.
Sorry it took me so long to come back. I was taking a little break from the site then I wanted to wait until I could make a impact post when I finally came back. Hopefully this posting and idea intrigues those that follow this thread!
-Mike